Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. It’s a recognised, treatable condition — not a sign of weakness — and understanding its symptoms is the first step toward getting help. PTSD symptoms fall into four groups.
1. Intrusion (re-experiencing)
The trauma pushes its way back into the present:
- Intrusive, unwanted memories of the event
- Nightmares or distressing dreams
- Flashbacks — feeling as though the event is happening again
- Intense distress or physical reactions when reminded of it
2. Avoidance
Understandably, you try to keep the trauma at bay:
- Avoiding thoughts, feelings or conversations about the event
- Staying away from people, places or situations that trigger memories
3. Negative changes in mood and thinking
- Persistent negative beliefs about yourself or the world
- Ongoing fear, guilt, shame or anger
- Feeling detached or estranged from others
- Losing interest in activities; difficulty feeling positive emotions
- Gaps in memory of the traumatic event
4. Hyperarousal (being “on guard”)
- Being easily startled or constantly on alert
- Irritability or angry outbursts
- Difficulty sleeping or concentrating
- Reckless or self-destructive behaviour
When symptoms become PTSD
It’s normal to have some of these reactions after trauma. They’re considered PTSD when they persist for more than a month, cause significant distress, and interfere with daily life. When trauma is prolonged or repeated — such as childhood abuse or ongoing violence — it can lead to complex PTSD, which has additional features.
Getting help
PTSD responds well to trauma-focused treatment, and you don’t have to manage it alone. You can start with our free, confidential PTSD self-check, read about PTSD treatment options, or learn about the PTSD care we provide. A psychiatrist can assess your symptoms and build a treatment plan — book an appointment with a GP referral.
This article is general information, not medical advice. If you’re struggling, please speak with your GP. In a crisis, call Lifeline on 13 11 14 or 000.