“Depression” is really an umbrella term for several related conditions that share a low mood at their core but differ in pattern, cause and treatment. Understanding which type you may be experiencing helps you and your clinician find the right approach.
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
The most familiar type, MDD involves one or more episodes of persistent low mood and loss of interest lasting at least two weeks, along with other symptoms such as sleep and appetite changes, fatigue and difficulty concentrating. Episodes can be mild to severe and may recur over a lifetime.
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
A lower-grade but long-lasting depression — a chronically low mood present most days for two years or more. Because it becomes “normal,” many people don’t realise it’s treatable and live with it for years before seeking help.
Perinatal and postnatal depression
Depression that occurs during pregnancy or after birth. It’s common, treatable, and not a reflection of your ability as a parent. We cover this in more detail on our perinatal depression page.
Seasonal patterns
Some people experience depression that follows a seasonal pattern, typically worsening in the shorter, darker months and lifting in spring and summer.
Bipolar depression
The depressive phase of bipolar disorder can look identical to MDD, but the treatment is different — which is why a careful assessment matters. If depression is accompanied by past periods of unusually elevated or energised mood, it’s important to mention this, as it changes the diagnosis and treatment.
Other related presentations
Depression can also occur as part of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), as an adjustment reaction to a major life stressor, or alongside other physical or mental health conditions.
Why the type matters
Getting the type right shapes the treatment. Bipolar depression, treatment-resistant depression and dysthymia each call for a different approach — and a thorough assessment untangles them. If you’d like clarity, start with our depression self-check, read about treatment options, or book a telehealth appointment with a referral.
This article is general information, not medical advice. In a crisis, call Lifeline on 13 11 14 or 000.